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Wikipedia suggests that "Macau" is from Chinese:
Mage (妈阁 "Pavilion of [the goddess] Mazu").
Etymonline seems to suggest it is from the Chinese:
Ma'ao (妈澳 "Bay of [the goddess] Mazu").
Another possibility would be:
Magang (妈港 "Harbor of [the goddess] Mazu").
with the nasal -ng being rendered as a nasal vowel -ao.
Any Portuguese sources on which is correct? Would "-ao" be likely added a Portuguese suffix to a Chinese root?
Sounds just as a Portuguese assimilation of a foreign word, ie "Ma'ao".
The Portuguese suffix "ao" requires the special character "ã": "ão" (a superlative). I would bet the origin of the name Macau isn't related to a superlative at all.
Besides Mage, Mazu, Ma'ao, also A. Ma and A-ma-kas are names involved in the history of Macau.
"The Evolution of Spellings of Macau" by Wu and Jin has an extensive discussion justifying the claim:
'Amacão' corresponds to `Ya/A Ma Gang' ('亞／阿 媽／馬 港') in Chinese, which serves as the origin of all kinds of geographical names in Portuguese that end with the nasal coda. (pg. 4)
So 'Macau' corresponds to Chinese Magang (妈港, "Mazu Harbor").
